During system initialization, the FreeBSD kernel creates
device nodes as devices are found. This method of probing for
devices raises some issues. For instance, what if a new disk
device is added via USB? It is likely that
a flash device may be handed the device name of
da0 and the original
da0 shifted to
da1. This will cause issues mounting
file systems if they are listed in
/etc/fstab which may also prevent the
system from booting.
One solution is to chain SCSI devices
in order so a new device added to the SCSI
card will be issued unused device numbers. But what about
USB devices which may replace the primary
SCSI disk? This happens because
USB devices are usually probed before the
SCSI card. One solution is to only insert
these devices after the system has been booted. Another method
is to use only a single ATA drive and never
list the SCSI devices in
/etc/fstab.
A better solution is to use glabel to
label the disk devices and use the labels in
/etc/fstab.
Since glabel stores the label in the last
sector of a given provider, the label will remain persistent
across reboots. By using this label as a device, the
file-system may always be mounted regardless of what
device node it is accessed through.
glabel can create both transient and
permanent labels. Only permanent labels are consistent across
reboots. Refer to glabel(8) for more information on the
differences between labels.
Permanent labels can be a generic or a file system label.
Permanent file system labels can be created with
tunefs(8) or newfs(8). These types of labels are
created in a sub-directory of /dev, and
will be named according to the file system type. For example,
UFS2 file system labels will be created in
/dev/ufs. Generic permanent labels can
be created with glabel label. These are
not file system specific and will be created in
/dev/label.
Temporary labels are destroyed at the next reboot. These
labels are created in /dev/label and are
suited to experimentation. A temporary label can be created
using glabel create.
To create a permanent label for a UFS2 file system without destroying any data, issue the following command:
#tunefs -Lhome/dev/da3
A label should now exist in /dev/ufs
which may be added to /etc/fstab:
/dev/ufs/home /home ufs rw 2 2
The file system must not be mounted while attempting
to run tunefs.
Now the file system may be mounted:
#mount /home
From this point on, so long as the
geom_label.ko kernel module is loaded at
boot with /boot/loader.conf or the
GEOM_LABEL kernel option is present,
the device node may change without any ill effect on the
system.
File systems may also be created with a default label
by using the -L flag with
newfs. Refer to newfs(8) for
more information.
The following command can be used to destroy the label:
#glabel destroy home
The following example shows how to label the partitions of a boot disk.
By permanently labeling the partitions on the boot disk,
the system should be able to continue to boot normally, even
if the disk is moved to another controller or transferred to
a different system. For this example, it is assumed that a
single ATA disk is used, which is
currently recognized by the system as
ad0. It is also assumed that the
standard FreeBSD partition scheme is used, with
/,
/var,
/usr and
/tmp, as
well as a swap partition.
Reboot the system, and at the loader(8) prompt, press 4 to boot into single user mode. Then enter the following commands:
#glabel label rootfs /dev/ad0s1aGEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1a is label/rootfs#glabel label var /dev/ad0s1dGEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1d is label/var#glabel label usr /dev/ad0s1fGEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1f is label/usr#glabel label tmp /dev/ad0s1eGEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1e is label/tmp#glabel label swap /dev/ad0s1bGEOM_LABEL: Label for provider /dev/ad0s1b is label/swap#exit
The system will continue with multi-user boot. After
the boot completes, edit /etc/fstab and
replace the conventional device names, with their respective
labels. The final /etc/fstab will
look like this:
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/label/swap none swap sw 0 0 /dev/label/rootfs / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/label/tmp /tmp ufs rw 2 2 /dev/label/usr /usr ufs rw 2 2 /dev/label/var /var ufs rw 2 2
The system can now be rebooted. If everything went
well, it will come up normally and mount
will show:
#mount/dev/label/rootfs on / (ufs, local) devfs on /dev (devfs, local) /dev/label/tmp on /tmp (ufs, local, soft-updates) /dev/label/usr on /usr (ufs, local, soft-updates) /dev/label/var on /var (ufs, local, soft-updates)
The glabel(8) class
supports a label type for UFS file
systems, based on the unique file system id,
ufsid. These labels may be found in
/dev/ufsid and are
created automatically during system startup. It is possible
to use ufsid labels to mount partitions
using /etc/fstab. Use glabel
status to receive a list of file systems and their
corresponding ufsid labels:
%glabel statusName Status Components ufsid/486b6fc38d330916 N/A ad4s1d ufsid/486b6fc16926168e N/A ad4s1f
In the above example, ad4s1d
represents /var,
while ad4s1f represents
/usr.
Using the ufsid values shown, these
partitions may now be mounted with the following entries in
/etc/fstab:
/dev/ufsid/486b6fc38d330916 /var ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ufsid/486b6fc16926168e /usr ufs rw 2 2
Any partitions with ufsid labels can be
mounted in this way, eliminating the need to manually create
permanent labels, while still enjoying the benefits of device
name independent mounting.
All FreeBSD documents are available for download at https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/
Questions that are not answered by the
documentation may be
sent to <freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org>.
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